Long Held Assumptions

I recently made an error in thinking based on a long-held assumption. Here's the error.

Quilt by Lucinda Ward Honstain at the

  International Quilt Study Center & Museum

https://www.quiltstudy.org/about/quilt-month/reconciliation-quilt

I did a couple of blog posts in the fall about Lucinda Ward Honstain who made the wonderful  quilt here. My analysis was that she had family in the dry goods business. Here's what I wrote a few weeks ago:

"Lucinda Ward Honstain's famous pictorial quilt dated 1867 includes a block with a wagon labeled W.B. Dry Goods, which researchers have linked to her brother Thomas's store Ward & Burroughs. Lucinda's father, another Thomas, was also in the drygoods business in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Her husband was a tailor for two decades before the Civil War and her sister was a professional dressmaker."

In looking at all this I did not consider that Lucinda herself might be in the fabric business in some capacity.

Suzanne found Lucinda's record in a list of bank account holders at the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank Records from New York. The name might be spelled Hounstain in this list but it is Lucinda as she is recorded as living on Devoe Street in Williamsburg. I think this page is from 1857 but it might say 1867.

In the column labeled Occupation she is listed as a "Tailoress." I was surprised. Lucinda herself was in the fabric business.

The Emigrant Savings Bank is still in business

Why did I just assume Lucinda had no occupation?

Two census records indicating husband John was a Tailor or in the Clothing business. There is the usual blank after the woman's name.

How many other deep-seated assumptions do we have about women's work that are as difficult to overcome as our default view that the occupational line after the word wife should be blank?

It's like there was some kind of giant conspiracy to make us think women did not work.

Giant conspiracy!

UPDATE on the Giant Conspiracy theory. I just read Jane & William Pease's book

Ladies, Women, & Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston & Boston in which they look at censuses from the 1840s. The director of the Boston census directed enumerators to ignore the women's occupation column.

1868 photo of women and men working in a tailor shop

Ross J. Kelbaugh Collection

Lucinda's entry includes a note that says "And of NY", indicating perhaps that she worked in Manhattan and lived in Brooklyn. She was not an Irish immigrant but was born in Westchester, New York

Sketch of Irish immigrants at the Emigrant Savings Bank in the 1870s

Lucinda seems to have been employed and adept at finances.She also had an account at the Williamsburg Savings Bank in Brooklyn, to which husband John forged a check when he returned from the Civil War. When her husband returned they owned several houses and were building another. I'd guess she managed the real estate while he was gone.

I wonder if we aren't spelling Lucinda's husband's last name wrong. It may be Houstain as in this 1891 real estate transfer. A handwritten U or N looks pretty much the same. And you know Houston Street in New York. Named after another Houstain---which may tell us how to pronounce it. 

House-Tun---accent on the first syllable.

A statistic on the New York's clothing trade:

"Clothing was the largest industry in New York City by 1855, enveloping nearly 13% of the immigrant population."

Found on this post---another seamstress in New York:

http://www.nyuirish.net/ethnicvillage/cherry-street/the-garment-industry-in-the-neighborhood/z/

Here's the link to Family in the Dry Goods Business.
http://womensworkquilts.blogspot.com/2018/12/family-in-dry-goods-business.html

And all the posts on Lucinda Ward Honstain:
http://barbarabrackman.blogspot.com/2018/12/lucinda-ward-honstains-civil-war-1.html
http://barbarabrackman.blogspot.com/2018/12/lucinda-ward-honstains-civil-war-2.html
http://barbarabrackman.blogspot.com/2018/12/lucinda-honstains-civil-war-3.html
http://barbarabrackman.blogspot.com/2018/12/lucinda-honstains-civil-war-4.html

Quilting for a Living: Part 3

Quilters, about 1910

As we go into a second year of this Women's Work blog I thought I'd spend the next few posts summarizing what I've learned over the past year---mostly unlearning concepts I've taken for granted since reading my first quilt book in the 1960s.

Today we're well aware that American women earned money by quilting for other people. Quilting for a living is something we do, we hire and we talk about.  Quilters' jargon right now refers to the process as "quilting by checkbook," something that went on for centuries before there were checkbooks.

Professional Quilter Angela Walters

I well recall my first unlearning in the 1980s---I was interviewing women in Emporia, Kansas during the Kansas Quilt Project, daughters of some of the mid-century master applique artists of that town.

Detail of an Indiana Wreath by Emily Bigler, Hartford, Kansas.

Emily did her own applique, according to her family, but she

also was a professional quilter who worked for other Emporia

quiltmakers like Rose Kretsinger.

I asked one daughter if her mother did her own quilting. She looked at me with disdain, as if I'd asked if her socially prominent mother had scrubbed her own floors. As I recall she said, "My dear, no one did their own quilting."

Emily Bigler's quilting patterns.

I was an artist---my concept of making a quilt was that you began by drawing a pattern, then stitched the patchwork, marked the quilting, quilted by hand and bound it. One quilt, one woman. That interview changed my mind and it keeps changing. Every step of the process from drawing the pattern to binding was part of an economic complex.

Doing the quilting is probably the best documented step in the process and a concept we accept easily today.

Mary McElwain and a woman who sewed for her Wisconsin quilt shop.

From Carol Butzke's collection

Historical information about quilting for money is available from several sources:

• Diary and Letter Accounts
• Advertisements
• Indexes to Occupations
• Photographs and Illustrations
• Oral Histories: Interviews, family history and personal accounts

Diary and Letter Accounts

Personal records are among our best evidence of a network of professional quilters (and quilt markers) but not always easy to interpret.

In her 1796-1797 journal Phoebe Pierson recorded that she

 "went over to quilt for Mathias Baldwins wife."

The journal is at the Library of the University of Pennsylvania

Was Phoebe quilting as a favor, for fun or for payment? Quilting "for Mathias Baldwins wife" rather than quilting with her indicates Phoebe might have been earning money.

Lynn A. Bonfield in her 1988 Uncoverings study "Diaries of New England Quilters Before 1860" also found it difficult to determine if diarists were quilting for pay.  One exception: In 1845 Persis Sibley Andrews had her hired girl Costella helping with quilting. "Costella quilts well and fast." But could you call Costella a professional quilter or was she just general household help?

A 1908 postcard from Mrs. A.P.N. of Kinglsey, Iowa to her niece:

Tell George his quilt is ready for him any time he comes down."

Front of the postcard

Is Mrs. N. making George a quilt as a gift or a financial transaction?

Note in a scrapbook picturing Esther Searl, Rosepine, Louisiana.

"At the age of eighty she did the fine quilting on all my quilts of which I am so proud."

See the Maude Reid scrapbooks at the Calcasieu Library: https://www.calcasieulibrary.org/home/showdocument?id=4760

Advertisements

Advertisements are far less ambiguous. This 1897 newspaper ad

indicates M. W. wants "Quilting or plain sewing."

See a post about ads for quilt work here:

https://womensworkquilts.blogspot.com/2018/08/professional-quilters-part-2.html

"Any one wanting quilting or sewing done see Mrs. Ryan."

Waxahachie Texas, 1910

Those ads go back to Colonial days:

"Quilting work of all kinds performed at the subscriber's house in Annapolis, in the best and newest Manner, as cheap as in London; by a Person from England brought up in the said Business."
Ad from Symon Duff, May 24, 1745, Maryland Gazette 

Indexes to Occupations

I did a post about Colonial ads here:

https://womensworkquilts.blogspot.com/2018/04/professional-quilters-in-colonial.html

My sources for much of the early information was from an index to occupations, MESDA's (Museum of Southern Decorative Arts) Craftsman Database, searching for words like quilting and quilter. Indexes like this one are a good source but digitization is not always available.

The occupation of quilter is better documented in the British Isles. I found this statement on line concerning quilting:

"The bed quilt made of patches was the staple product, but other articles such as tea cosies, cushion covers and warm clothing were also traditional. Usually handed down from mother to daughter rather than by an apprenticeship system [Is this true?], the craft has enjoyed a revival for the luxury market through the Women’s Institutes, especially in Durham. Arnold (The Shell Book of Country Crafts. John Baker,1968 and All Made by Hand. John Baker, London, 1970), and Wymer (English Country Crafts. A Survey of Their Development from Early Times to Present Day. Batsford, London, 1946) offer descriptions and a quilters index exists. [Where?]

Some indexes look very promising: 

Dorothy Provine, an archivist in the Civil Archives Division of the National Archives in Washington, authored an article “The Economic Position of the Free Blacks in Washington, D.C., 1800-1860” and a District of Columbia Free Negroes Register, 1821-1861, which list occupations.

The R.G. Dun Credit Reports from the 19th century include much information about businesses gathered by local reporters to the agency.
https://www.library.hbs.edu/index.php/Services/Research-Services-for-the-R.G.-Dun-Co.-Collection

Mennonite women quilting

One enormous index to occupations is U.S. census records---occupations are listed from 1850 but sorting through those records is not easy and unfortunately not too informative so far:

Terry Terrell wrote me a note about a woman she found in the 1860 census with the occupation of quilter. The 1860 Census of Barnesville, Belmont County, Ohio lists Sarah Hanshaw (either 58 or 38 years old---hard to read) living alone with the profession of "quilter."

"Her 'value of estate owned'" was $50, and there was no 'value of real estate' listed. She was financially in the bottom third of the people in her immediate neighborhood."

Barnesville about 1910

"I haven't been able to find her in a later census....Barnesville at that time was a prosperous small town with a mainly farming economy. It had a B&O railroad station, and was just off the Cumberland trail, so not remote or difficult to access, but 25 mi. from Wheeling, WV to the east and Zanesville, OH to the west. Still, I found it odd that there was enough business to support a quilter. Though I know people made a living as quilters in Britain, I haven't seen it listed as an occupation anywhere else in the U.S. census after about 25 years doing genealogy as a hobby."

"In any case, it is interesting that at least one person appears to have been trying to make a living as a quilter in 1860 in a small town fairly far from a major urban area. Perhaps we need to unlearn the idea that 'checkbook quilting' is a new phenomenon."

Nellie's sisters-in-law were "quiltmakers, working out."

Sharon at PatchworkBitsAndPieces wrote a comment on this blog:

"I have census records for Joan and Barbara Sellar, sisters from Scotland. They immigrated with their family to USA in 1907. In 1910 the household of ten were living in Chicago. The men were plasterers, and both Joan and Barbara are listed as "quilt makers; working out". They are listed as wage earners with no weeks out of work. Perhaps they were making up blocks at home for a company like Ladies Art. Their future sister-in-law Nellie is one of the block makers in a friendship quilt in my collection."

http://patchworkbitsandpieces.blogspot.com/2014/01/nellie-sellars-bowtie-block.html

As Terry notes, it's an occupation you don't often come across, but the censuses (censii?) offer an interesting data set.

Mrs. Clarence Pace, Louisiana, from the Library of Congress photographs

Photographs and Illustrations

Photographs after 1840 and illustrations back into the 18th-century show women at quilt frames, but again, interpretation is subjective. See a post on looking at the Farm Security photographs from the 1930s and '40s here:

http://barbarabrackman.blogspot.com/2018/08/quilt-pictures-tossing-out-some-basic.html

Nottingham Lace-Running or Embroidering

Charles Knight, Pictorial Gallery of Arts, 1858

I found two photos of this woman showing off her quilt blocks.

What's going on?

Oral Histories: Interviews, family history and personal accounts

Oral histories may be the most useful source for information about 20th century professional quilters. We have a wealth of digital transcripts but searching and sorting are never easy. The Quilt Alliance's Save Our Stories has transcripts on line, but hard to search for words like "paid", "earned", etc. The state quilt projects, digitized in the Quilt Index also has interview snippets.

Emma Crockett of Alabama believed she 

was about 79 or 80 years old when interviewed.

She worried about her memory in her interview.

Trying to find information about quilt work before 1900 is more difficult. One source is the W.P.A. Ex-Slave Narratives, which were collected  in 1937 and 1938. The limitations on the accuracy of the data include the poor reflection of life in actual slavery collected from elderly people seventy years after emancipation. Some interviewees professed to be 130 years old, but the majority were probably young children during slavery like Emma Crockett who was younger than ten. The Narratives' value as documentation about quilts during slavery is low; but people did often talk about their lives after slavery.

Laura Ramsey Parker was interviewed in Nashville when she was 87. She recalled being taught to spin and weave while in slavery as a child. Soon after she was freed she went to Wisconsin but returned to Tennessee. 

"Have worked all my life seems to me. At one time I was a chambermaid...later a sick nurse, a seamstress, dressmaker but now I piece and sell bed quilts."

Minerva Cline and quilts

These fragments of biography give us some clues. I find fragments to be widespread; comprehensive accounts to be few.

Another snippet or two:

On this blog Joanne left a comment:

"My grandmother was poor and quilted for herself and for others. Quilting was how she expressed herself and how she earned needed cash."

And Dianne's comment:

"I've always wondered about all the orphan blocks I inherited from my grandma. She was a single mother in the 30's and raised her 2 children by making quilts, baking, ironing and taking in boarders. I inherited ALL of her quilt patterns, quilting templates, bits and bobs of fabric etc. and was amazed at the amount of orphan blocks she had, there were also letters from her customers telling her to use what color for which piece and to add the cost of the fabric to their bill. She had several complicated blocks that had different color swatches pinned to different pieces so she could see what they would look like in the different color ways. I always thought I'd put them all together in a sampler but now I think I will leave them as they are."

Looking for a thesis project on quilting, women's history or economics?